The Visual Centrifuge: Model-Free Layered Video Representations

True video understanding requires making sense of non-lambertian scenes where the color of light arriving at the camera sensor encodes information about not just the last object it collided with, but about multiple mediums -- colored windows, dirty mirrors, smoke or rain. Layered video representations have the potential of accurately modelling realistic scenes but have so far required stringent assumptions on motion, lighting and shape. Here we propose a learning-based approach for multi-layered video representation: we introduce novel uncertainty-capturing 3D convolutional architectures and train them to separate blended videos. We show that these models then generalize to single videos, where they exhibit interesting abilities: color constancy, factoring out shadows and separating reflections. We present quantitative and qualitative results on real world videos.Comment: Appears in: 2019 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR 2019). This arXiv contains the CVPR Camera Ready version of the paper (although we have included larger figures) as well as an appendix detailing the model architectur

Apprentissage structuré à partir de vidéos et langage

The goal of this thesis is to develop models, representations and structured learning algorithms for the automatic understanding of complex human activities from instructional videos narrated with natural language. We first introduce a model that, given a set of narrated instructional videos describing a task, is able to generate a list of action steps needed to complete the task and locate them in the visual and textual streams. To that end, we formulate two assumptions. First, people perform actions when they mention them. Second, we assume that complex tasks are composed of an ordered sequence of action steps. Equipped with these two hypotheses, our model first clusters the textual inputs and then uses this output to refine the location of the action steps in the video. We evaluate our model on a newly collected dataset of instructional videos depicting 5 different complex goal oriented tasks. We then present an approach to link action and the manipulated objects. More precisely, we focus on actions that aim at modifying the state of a specific object, such as pouring a coffee cup or opening a door. Such actions are an inherent part of instructional videos. Our method is based on the optimization of a joint cost between actions and object states under constraints. The constraints are reflecting our assumption that there is a consistent temporal order for the changes in object states and manipulation actions. We demonstrate experimentally that object states help localizing actions and conversely that action localization improves object state recognition. All our models are based on discriminative clustering, a technique which allows to leverage the readily available weak supervision contained in instructional videos. In order to deal with the resulting optimization problems, we take advantage of a highly adapted optimization technique: the Frank-Wolfe algorithm. Motivated by the fact that scaling our approaches to thousands of videos is essential in the context of narrated instructional videos, we also present several improvements to make the Frank- Wolfe algorithm faster and more computationally efficient. In particular, we propose three main modifications to the Block-Coordinate Frank-Wolfe algorithm: gap-based sampling, away and pairwise Block Frank-Wolfe steps and a solution to cache the oracle calls. We show the effectiveness of our improvements on four challenging structured prediction tasks.Le but de cette thèse est de développer des modèles, des représentations adaptées et des algorithmes de prédiction structurée afin de pouvoir analyser de manière automatique des activités humaines complexes commentées par du langage naturel. Dans un premier temps, nous présentons un modèle capable de découvrir quelle est la liste d’actions nécessaires à l’accomplissement de la tâche ainsi que de localiser ces actions dans le flux vidéo et dans la narration textuelle à partir de plusieurs vidéos tutorielles. La première hypothèse est que les gens réalisent les actions au moment où ils les décrivent. La seconde hypothèse est que ces tâches complexes sont réalisées en suivant un ordre précis d’actions.. Notre modèle est évalué sur un nouveau jeu de données de vidéos tutorielles qui décrit 5 tâches complexes. Nous proposons ensuite de relier les actions avec les objets manipulés. Plus précisément, on se concentre sur un type d’action particulière qui vise à modifier l’état d’un objet. Par exemple, cela arrive lorsqu’on sert une tasse de café ou bien lorsqu’on ouvre une porte. Ce type d’action est particulièrement important dans le contexte des vidéos tutorielles. Notre méthode consiste à minimiser un objectif commun entre les actions et les objets. Nous démontrons via des expériences numériques que localiser les actions aident à mieux reconnaitre l’état des objets et inversement que modéliser le changement d’état des objets permet de mieux déterminer le moment où les actions se déroulent. Tous nos modèles sont basés sur du partionnement discriminatif, une méthode qui permet d’exploiter la faible supervision contenue dans ce type de vidéos. Cela se résume à formuler un problème d’optimisation qui peut se résoudre aisément en utilisant l’algorithme de Frank- Wolfe qui est particulièrement adapté aux contraintes envisagées. Motivé par le fait qu’il est très important d’être en mesure d’exploiter les quelques milliers de vidéos qui sont disponibles en ligne, nous portons enfin notre effort à rendre l’algorithme de Frank-Wolfe plus rapide et plus efficace lorsque confronté à beaucoup de données. En particulier, nous proposons trois modifications à l’algorithme Block-Coordinate Frank-Wolfe : un échantillonage adaptatif des exemples d’entrainement, une version bloc des ‘away steps’ et des ‘pairwise steps’ initialement prévu dans l’algorithme original et enfin une manière de mettre en cache les appels à l’oracle linéaire

Learning to Localize and Align Fine-Grained Actions to Sparse Instructions

Automatic generation of textual video descriptions that are time-aligned with video content is a long-standing goal in computer vision. The task is challenging due to the difficulty of bridging the semantic gap between the visual and natural language domains. This paper addresses the task of automatically generating an alignment between a set of instructions and a first person video demonstrating an activity. The sparse descriptions and ambiguity of written instructions create significant alignment challenges. The key to our approach is the use of egocentric cues to generate a concise set of action proposals, which are then matched to recipe steps using object recognition and computational linguistic techniques. We obtain promising results on both the Extended GTEA Gaze+ dataset and the Bristol Egocentric Object Interactions Dataset

Unsupervised Learning from Narrated Instruction Videos

We address the problem of automatically learning the main steps to complete a certain task, such as changing a car tire, from a set of narrated instruction videos. The contributions of this paper are three-fold. First, we develop a new unsupervised learning approach that takes advantage of the complementary nature of the input video and the associated narration. The method solves two clustering problems, one in text and one in video, applied one after each other and linked by joint constraints to obtain a single coherent sequence of steps in both modalities. Second, we collect and annotate a new challenging dataset of real-world instruction videos from the Internet. The dataset contains about 800,000 frames for five different tasks that include complex interactions between people and objects, and are captured in a variety of indoor and outdoor settings. Third, we experimentally demonstrate that the proposed method can automatically discover, in an unsupervised manner, the main steps to achieve the task and locate the steps in the input videos.Comment: Appears in: 2016 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR 2016). 21 page

Cross-task weakly supervised learning from instructional videos

In this paper we investigate learning visual models for the steps of ordinary tasks using weak supervision via instructional narrations and an ordered list of steps instead of strong supervision via temporal annotations. At the heart of our approach is the observation that weakly supervised learning may be easier if a model shares components while learning different steps: `pour egg' should be trained jointly with other tasks involving `pour' and `egg'. We formalize this in a component model for recognizing steps and a weakly supervised learning framework that can learn this model under temporal constraints from narration and the list of steps. Past data does not permit systematic studying of sharing and so we also gather a new dataset, CrossTask, aimed at assessing cross-task sharing. Our experiments demonstrate that sharing across tasks improves performance, especially when done at the component level and that our component model can parse previously unseen tasks by virtue of its compositionality.Comment: 18 pages, 17 figures, to be published in proceedings of the CVPR, 201

Controllable Attention for Structured Layered Video Decomposition

The objective of this paper is to be able to separate a video into its natural layers, and to control which of the separated layers to attend to. For example, to be able to separate reflections, transparency or object motion. We make the following three contributions: (i) we introduce a new structured neural network architecture that explicitly incorporates layers (as spatial masks) into its design. This improves separation performance over previous general purpose networks for this task; (ii) we demonstrate that we can augment the architecture to leverage external cues such as audio for controllability and to help disambiguation; and (iii) we experimentally demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach and training procedure with controlled experiments while also showing that the proposed model can be successfully applied to real-word applications such as reflection removal and action recognition in cluttered scenes.Comment: In ICCV 201

Multi-Task Learning of Object State Changes from Uncurated Videos

We aim to learn to temporally localize object state changes and the corresponding state-modifying actions by observing people interacting with objects in long uncurated web videos. We introduce three principal contributions. First, we explore alternative multi-task network architectures and identify a model that enables efficient joint learning of multiple object states and actions such as pouring water and pouring coffee. Second, we design a multi-task self-supervised learning procedure that exploits different types of constraints between objects and state-modifying actions enabling end-to-end training of a model for temporal localization of object states and actions in videos from only noisy video-level supervision. Third, we report results on the large-scale ChangeIt and COIN datasets containing tens of thousands of long (un)curated web videos depicting various interactions such as hole drilling, cream whisking, or paper plane folding. We show that our multi-task model achieves a relative improvement of 40% over the prior single-task methods and significantly outperforms both image-based and video-based zero-shot models for this problem. We also test our method on long egocentric videos of the EPIC-KITCHENS and the Ego4D datasets in a zero-shot setup demonstrating the robustness of our learned model